Linux 操作系统ls命令详解

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linux中最最常见的命令ls详解：

参数：
-a：全部的文件，连同隐藏文件(开头为 . 的文件)一起列出来；
-d：仅列出目录本身，而不是列出目录内的文件数据；
-l ：列出长数据串，包含文件的属性与权限等数据；
-A：列出全部文件(连同隐藏文件，但是不包括 . 与 .. 这两个目录)；
-f ：直接列出结果，而不进行排序(ls默认会以文件名排序)；
-F：根据文件、目录等信息给与附加数据结构，如
*：代表可执行文件；  /：代表目录；  =：代表socker文件；  |：代表FIFC文件；
-h：将文件容量以(GB,KB)等易读方式列出来；
-i ：列出inode号码；
-n：列出uid与gid，而非用户组名称；
-r ：将顺序结果反向输出；
-R：连同子目录内容一同列出，相当于目录下所有文件都会显示；
-S：以文件容量大小排序，而不是以文件名；
-t ：以时间排序，而表示以文件名；
--color=never ：不要依据文件特性给予颜色显示；
--color=always：显示颜色；
--color=auto  ：让系统自行依据设置来判断是否给予颜色；
--full-time     ：以完整时间模式(包含年、月、日、时、分)输出；
--time-{atime,ctime} ：将输出访问时间或改变权限属性时间(ctime)，而非内容更改时间(modification time)；
[root@Byrd var]# ls -al
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root 4096 Sep 23  2011 local    //全部文件以长数据显示；
[root@Byrd var]# ls -alF
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root 4096 Sep 23  2011 local/    //以长数据显示，且显示数据结构
[root@Byrd var]# ls -al --color=auto    //列出全部目录，且系统依据设置自动判断颜色；
[root@Byrd var]# ls -al --full-time    //显示文件时间；	
[root@Byrd var]# ls –alR    //显示/var目录下的所有文件夹以及文件；

参数：

-a：全部的文件，连同隐藏文件(开头为 . 的文件)一起列出来；

-d：仅列出目录本身，而不是列出目录内的文件数据；

-l ：列出长数据串，包含文件的属性与权限等数据；

-A：列出全部文件(连同隐藏文件，但是不包括 . 与 .. 这两个目录)；

-f ：直接列出结果，而不进行排序(ls默认会以文件名排序)；

-F：根据文件、目录等信息给与附加数据结构，如

*：代表可执行文件； /：代表目录； =：代表socker文件； |：代表FIFC文件；

-h：将文件容量以(GB,KB)等易读方式列出来；

-i ：列出inode号码；

-n：列出uid与gid，而非用户组名称；

-r ：将顺序结果反向输出；

-R：连同子目录内容一同列出，相当于目录下所有文件都会显示；

-S：以文件容量大小排序，而不是以文件名；

-t ：以时间排序，而表示以文件名；

--color=never ：不要依据文件特性给予颜色显示；

--color=always：显示颜色；

--color=auto ：让系统自行依据设置来判断是否给予颜色；

--full-time ：以完整时间模式(包含年、月、日、时、分)输出；

--time-{atime,ctime} ：将输出访问时间或改变权限属性时间(ctime)，而非内容更改时间(modification time)；

[root@Byrd var]# ls -al

drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Sep 23 2011 local //全部文件以长数据显示；

[root@Byrd var]# ls -alF

drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Sep 23 2011 local/ //以长数据显示，且显示数据结构

[root@Byrd var]# ls -al --color=auto //列出全部目录，且系统依据设置自动判断颜色；

[root@Byrd var]# ls -al --full-time //显示文件时间；

[root@Byrd var]# ls –alR //显示/var目录下的所有文件夹以及文件；

Man 参数：

       -a, --all
              do not ignore entries starting with .

       -A, --almost-all
              do not list implied . and ..

       --author
              with -l, print the author of each file

       -b, --escape
              print octal escapes for nongraphic characters

       --block-size=SIZE
              use SIZE-byte blocks.  See SIZE format below

       -B, --ignore-backups
              do not list implied entries ending with ~

       -c     with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last modification of file status information) with  -l:  show
              ctime and sort by name otherwise: sort by ctime

       -C     list entries by columns

       --color[=WHEN]
              colorize the output.  WHEN defaults to 'always' or can be 'never' or 'auto'.  More info below

       -d, --directory
              list directory entries instead of contents, and do not dereference symbolic links

       -D, --dired
              generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode

       -f     do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color

       -F, --classify
              append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries

       --file-type
              likewise, except do not append '*'

       --format=WORD
              across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C

       --full-time
              like -l --time-style=full-iso
       -g     like -l, but do not list owner

       --group-directories-first
              group directories before files.

              augment with a --sort option, but any use of --sort=none (-U) disables grouping

       -G, --no-group
              in a long listing, don't print group names

       -h, --human-readable
              with -l, print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G)

       --si   likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024

       -H, --dereference-command-line
              follow symbolic links listed on the command line

       --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir
              follow each command line symbolic link that points to a directory

       --hide=PATTERN
              do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN (overridden by -a or -A)
       --indicator-style=WORD
              append  indicator  with  style  WORD to entry names: none (default), slash (-p), file-type (--file-type),
              classify (-F)

       -i, --inode
              print the index number of each file

       -I, --ignore=PATTERN
              do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN

       -k     like --block-size=1K

       -l     use a long listing format

       -L, --dereference
              when showing file information for a symbolic link, show information for  the  file  the  link  references
              rather than for the link itself

       -m     fill width with a comma separated list of entries

       -n, --numeric-uid-gid
              like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs

       -N, --literal
              print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control characters specially)

       -o     like -l, but do not list group information

       -p, --indicator-style=slash
              append / indicator to directories

       -q, --hide-control-chars
              print ? instead of non graphic characters

       --show-control-chars
              show non graphic characters as-is (default unless program is 'ls' and output is a terminal)

       -Q, --quote-name
              enclose entry names in double quotes

       --quoting-style=WORD
              use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape

       -r, --reverse
              reverse order while sorting

       -R, --recursive
              list subdirectories recursively

       -s, --size
              print the allocated size of each file, in blocks

       -S     sort by file size

       --sort=WORD
              sort by WORD instead of name: none -U, extension -X, size -S, time -t, version -v

       --time=WORD
              with -l, show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime -u, access -u, use -u, ctime -c, or status
              -c; use specified time as sort key if --sort=time

       --time-style=STYLE
              with -l, show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, +FORMAT.  FORMAT  is  interpreted
              like  'date';  if  FORMAT  is FORMAT1<newline>FORMAT2, FORMAT1 applies to non-recent files and FORMAT2 to
              recent files; if STYLE is prefixed with 'posix-', STYLE takes effect only outside the POSIX locale

       -t     sort by modification time

       -T, --tabsize=COLS
              assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8

       -u     with -lt: sort by, and show, access time with -l: show access time and sort by name  otherwise:  sort  by
              access time

       -U     do not sort; list entries in directory order

       -v     natural sort of (version) numbers within text

       -w, --width=COLS
              assume screen width instead of current value

       -x     list entries by lines instead of by columns

       -X     sort alphabetically by entry extension

       -1     list one file per line

       SELinux options:

       --lcontext
              Display security context.   Enable -l. Lines will probably be too wide for most displays.

       -Z, --context
              Display  security context so it fits on most displays.  Displays only mode, user, group, security context
              and file name.

       --scontext
              Display only security context and file name.
       --help display this help and exit

       --version
              output version information and exit

       SIZE may be (or may be an integer optionally followed by) one of following: KB 1000, K  1024,  MB  1000*1000,  M
       1024*1024, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y.

       Using color to distinguish file types is disabled both by default and with --color=never.  With --color=auto, ls
       emits color codes only when standard output is connected to a terminal.  The LS_COLORS environment variable  can
       change the settings.  Use the dircolors command to set it.

   Exit status:
       0      if OK,

       1      if minor problems (e.g., cannot access subdirectory),

       2      if serious trouble (e.g., cannot access command-line argument).

AUTHOR
       Written by Richard M. Stallman and David MacKenzie.

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-a, --all

do not ignore entries starting with .

-A, --almost-all

do not list implied . and ..

--author

with -l, print the author of each file

-b, --escape

print octal escapes for nongraphic characters

--block-size=SIZE

use SIZE-byte blocks. See SIZE format below

-B, --ignore-backups

do not list implied entries ending with ~

-c with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last modification of file status information) with -l: show

ctime and sort by name otherwise: sort by ctime

-C list entries by columns

--color[=WHEN]

colorize the output. WHEN defaults to 'always' or can be 'never' or 'auto'. More info below

-d, --directory

list directory entries instead of contents, and do not dereference symbolic links

-D, --dired

generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode

-f do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color

-F, --classify

append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries

--file-type

likewise, except do not append '*'

--format=WORD

across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C

--full-time

like -l --time-style=full-iso

-g like -l, but do not list owner

--group-directories-first

group directories before files.

augment with a --sort option, but any use of --sort=none (-U) disables grouping

-G, --no-group

in a long listing, don't print group names

-h, --human-readable

with -l, print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G)

--si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024

-H, --dereference-command-line

follow symbolic links listed on the command line

--dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir

follow each command line symbolic link that points to a directory

--hide=PATTERN

do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN (overridden by -a or -A)

--indicator-style=WORD

append indicator with style WORD to entry names: none (default), slash (-p), file-type (--file-type),

classify (-F)

-i, --inode

print the index number of each file

-I, --ignore=PATTERN

do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN

-k like --block-size=1K

-l use a long listing format

-L, --dereference

when showing file information for a symbolic link, show information for the file the link references

rather than for the link itself

-m fill width with a comma separated list of entries

-n, --numeric-uid-gid

like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs

-N, --literal

print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control characters specially)

-o like -l, but do not list group information

-p, --indicator-style=slash

append / indicator to directories

-q, --hide-control-chars

print ? instead of non graphic characters

--show-control-chars

show non graphic characters as-is (default unless program is 'ls' and output is a terminal)

-Q, --quote-name

enclose entry names in double quotes

--quoting-style=WORD

use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape

-r, --reverse

reverse order while sorting

-R, --recursive

list subdirectories recursively

-s, --size

print the allocated size of each file, in blocks

-S sort by file size

--sort=WORD

sort by WORD instead of name: none -U, extension -X, size -S, time -t, version -v

--time=WORD

with -l, show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime -u, access -u, use -u, ctime -c, or status

-c; use specified time as sort key if --sort=time

--time-style=STYLE

with -l, show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, +FORMAT. FORMAT is interpreted

like 'date'; if FORMAT is FORMAT1<newline>FORMAT2, FORMAT1 applies to non-recent files and FORMAT2 to

recent files; if STYLE is prefixed with 'posix-', STYLE takes effect only outside the POSIX locale

-t sort by modification time

-T, --tabsize=COLS

assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8

-u with -lt: sort by, and show, access time with -l: show access time and sort by name otherwise: sort by

access time

-U do not sort; list entries in directory order

-v natural sort of (version) numbers within text

-w, --width=COLS

assume screen width instead of current value

-x list entries by lines instead of by columns

-X sort alphabetically by entry extension

-1 list one file per line

SELinux options:

--lcontext

Display security context. Enable -l. Lines will probably be too wide for most displays.

-Z, --context

Display security context so it fits on most displays. Displays only mode, user, group, security context

and file name.

--scontext

Display only security context and file name.

--help display this help and exit

--version

output version information and exit

SIZE may be (or may be an integer optionally followed by) one of following: KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M

1024*1024, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y.

Using color to distinguish file types is disabled both by default and with --color=never. With --color=auto, ls

emits color codes only when standard output is connected to a terminal. The LS_COLORS environment variable can

change the settings. Use the dircolors command to set it.

Exit status:

0 if OK,

1 if minor problems (e.g., cannot access subdirectory),

2 if serious trouble (e.g., cannot access command-line argument).

AUTHOR

Written by Richard M. Stallman and David MacKenzie.

申明：以上内容分别来自鸟哥的linux私房菜、以及centos 6.4的man ls！！！

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